Seminar: C. Bonnot

  • 28 septembre 2018 – 13h30 INRA (LGEF): Clémence Bonnot (IAM ecogeno) “Characterisation of the nutritional signals regulating the establishment and maintenance of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis (ECM) in Pop

Article: Environmental Microbiology

Oak extractive‐induced stress reveals the involvement of new enzymes in the early detoxification response of Phanerochaete chrysosporium AJ Fernández‐González, N Valette, A Kohler, S Dumarçay, R Sormani, … Environmental microbiology

Summary

Extensive evidence showed that the efficiency of fungal wood degradation is closely dependent on their ability to cope with the myriad of putative toxic compounds called extractives released during this process. By analyzing global gene expression of Phanerochaete chrysosporium after short oak extractive treatment (1, 3 and 6h), we show that the early molecular response of the fungus concerns first mitochondrial stress rescue followed by the oxidation and finally conjugation of the compounds. During these early responses, the lignolytic degradative system is not induced, rather some small secreted proteins (SSP) could play an important role in cell protection or signaling. By focusing on the functional characterization of an hitherto uncharacterized glutathione transferase, we show that this enzyme interacts with wood molecules suggesting that it could be involved in the detoxification of some of them, or act as a scavenger to prevent their cytosolic toxicity and favor their transport.

Article : Fungal Ecology

From leaf to continent: The multi-scale distribution of an invasive cryptic pathogen complex on oak ML Desprez-Loustau, M Massot, M Toïgo, T Fort, AGA Kaya, J Boberg, …Fungal Ecology 36, 39-50

Abstract

The spatial distribution and niche differentiation of three closely related species (Erysiphealphitoides, Erysiphe quercicola and Erysiphe hypophylla) causing oak powdery mildew was studied at scales ranging from the European continent, where they are invasive, to a single leaf. While E. alphitoides was dominant at all scales, E. quercicola and E. hypophylla had restricted geographic, stand and leaf distributions. The large-scale distributions were likely explained by climatic factors and species environmental tolerances, with E. quercicola being more frequent in warmer climates and E. hypophylla in colder climates. The extensive sampling and molecular analyses revealed the cryptic invasion of E. quercicola in nine countries from which it had not previously been recorded. The presence of the three species was also strongly affected by host factors, such as oak species and developmental stage. Segregation patterns between Erysiphe species were observed at the leaf scale, between and within leaf surfaces, suggesting competitive effects.

Article: Proceedings of the IUFRO conference

Genomics, transcriptomics, and effectoromics of the poplar leaf rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina B Petre, S Hacquard, A Persoons, N Saveleva, E Tisserant, E Morin, …In: Schoettle, Anna W.; Sniezko, Richard A.; Kliejunas, John T., eds …

Description

Melampsora larici-populina is causing leaf rust disease in poplar (Populus spp.) worldwide and poses serious problems to poplar breeders in France and in northern Europe. As with other rust fungi, its obligate biotroph status hinders laboratory investigations. Understanding the biology of rust fungi and deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying biotrophy have long been a problem. Most of the knowledge gained was largely descriptive and limited to a few rust species; only recently has substantial progress been made in the characterization of avirulence determinants of the flax rust Melampsora lini.

HDR Defense: A. Hecker

La soutenance de l’HDR d’Arnaud Hecker  intitulée

“Vers l’identification des substrats et des ligandsdes glutathion transférases de plantes : des enzymes ubiquitaires impliquées dans la détoxication et le métabolisme secondaire”,

aura lieu le 29 octobre à 14h00 dans l’Amphi 7 de l’Université de Lorraine à Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy,

Résumé

Les glutathion transférases constituent une famille multigénique d’enzymes très répandues chez les organismes vivants. Cette présence ubiquitaire, associée à une redondance importante, souligne une origine probablement très ancienne de ces enzymes. Elles sont notamment impliquées dans la détoxication intracellulaire de molécules toxiques exogènes appelées xénobiotiques et dans le métabolisme secondaire. Habituellement, ces enzymes catalysent l’ajout ou l’élimination de glutathion sur divers substrats liés dans leur site actif. Certaines d’entre-elles possèdent également une propriété « ligandine » dédiée au transport ou au stockage de divers ligands qui peuvent éventuellement se lier à l’extérieur du site actif de l’enzyme. En dépit d’une littérature très abondante, les fonctions précises de ces enzymes, de même que la nature des substrats endogènes ou exogènes qu’elles catalysent, restent inconnues dans la plupart des cas chez les plantes. Il s’agit pourtant d’un point essentiel qui permettrait de mieux appréhender leurs rôles biologiques. Afin d’éclaircir ces différents points, mes travaux de recherche se sont orientés depuis plusieurs années vers l’analyse structure-fonction des glutathion transférases de plantes tout en se focalisant sur l’isolement et l’identification de leurs substrats ou ligands physiologiques.

PhD Defense : T. Perrot

Thomas Perrot soutiendra publiquement ses travaux de thèse portant sur :

La diversité fonctionnelle des systèmes de détoxication chez les champignons lignolytiques

 Dirigés par Eric Gelhaye et Mélanie Morel-Rouhier le 26 septembre à 14h00 Amphithéâtre 7, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy

 

Résumé :

Les champignons décomposeurs du bois jouent un rôle important dans le cycle du carbone en participant notamment au recyclage de la matière organique. Outre leur aptitude à minéraliser la biomasse lignocellulosique, ces organismes ont la capacité de dégrader des molécules potentiellement toxiques libérées lors de ce processus. Leur système de détoxication comprend différentes familles multigéniques dont les glutathion transférases. Ces enzymes ubiquitaires, sont regroupées en différentes classes dans le règne fongique, certaines d’entre elles étant étendues chez ces champignons. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal de cette thèse consistait à appréhender les fonctions des glutathion transférases de la classe Omega (GSTOs) étendue chez Trametes versicolor, un champignon de pourriture blanche. Une approche biochimique et structurale a été menée sur neuf protéines produites de façon recombinante. Dans un premier temps, une caractérisation enzymatique de ces isoformes a été réalisée à l’aide de substrats synthétiques montrant une similarité des propriétés catalytiques. Puis, à partir d’une banque de molécules pures et de mélanges complexes issus de différentes essences forestières, une méthode de screening à haut débit a permis d’identifier des ligands potentiels de ces enzymes. La résolution de la structure tridimensionnelle de trois isoformes a démontré l’état homodimérique de ces protéines et l’implication de deux sites de fixation dans la reconnaissance de ces ligands : le site H (présent dans chaque monomère) et le site L (à l’interface du dimère). Par exemple, l’isoforme TvGSTO3S est capable de fixer dans son site H plusieurs hydroxybenzophénones, mais également un flavonoïde, la dihydrowogonine. Dans ce dernier cas, cette interaction avec un ligand naturel issu d’extraits de bois de merisier a été démontré par une approche de cristallographie d’affinité. D’autre part, des expériences de co-cristallisation ont permis de détecter deux molécules d’un autre flavonoïde, la naringénine, dans le site L de l’isoforme TvGSTO6S. Enfin, une interaction spécifique impliquant les sites H et L de l’isoforme TvGSTO2S a été démontrée avec l’oxyresvératrol. L’analyse structurale a révélé que les deux configurations du stilbène étaient liées à la protéine : la configuration transdans le site H et la configuration cisdans le site L. Ainsi, malgré une redondance fonctionnelle partielle, ces recherches ont démontré l’existence d’un spectre d’interactions spécifiques pour chaque isoforme testée. Le caractère étendu de la classe Omega indiquerait que ces enzymes seraient impliquées dans l’adaptation du champignon à son environnement. En effet, les ligands identifiés au cours de ces travaux suggèrent que les propriétés « ligandines » des TvGSTOs joueraient un rôle dans la détoxication des produits issus de dégradation du bois.

Abstract:

Wood decaying fungi play an important role in the carbon cycle by participating in the recycling of organic matter. In addition to their ability to mineralize lignocellulosic biomass, these organisms have the ability to degrade potentially toxic molecules released during this process. Their detoxification system involves several multigenic families including glutathione transferases. These ubiquitous enzymes are grouped into several classes in the fungal kingdom, some of them are widespread in these fungi. In this context, the main objective of this thesis was to understand the functions of glutathione transferases of the Omega class (GSTOs) extended in Trametes versicolor, a white rot fungus. A biochemical and structural approach was led using nine recombinant proteins. Firstly, enzymatic characterization of these isoforms was performed using synthetic substrates, the obtained results demonstrating a similarity of catalytic properties. Then, using a library of pure molecules and another one of complex mixtures from different forest species, a high throughput screening method was applied to identify potential ligands for these enzymes. The resolution of the three-dimensional structure of three isoforms demonstrated the homodimeric state of these proteins and the involvement of two binding sites in the recognition of these ligands: the H site (present in each monomer) and the L site (at the dimer interface). For example, the isoform TvGSTO3S is able to bind several hydroxybenzophenones in its H site, but also a flavonoid, dihydrowogonin. In this case, this interaction with a natural ligand derived from wild-cherry tree extract was demonstrated by an affinity crystallography approach. On the other hand, co-crystallization experiments detected two molecules of another flavonoid, naringenin, in the L site of the isoform TvGSTO6S. Finally, a specific interaction involving the H and L sites of the isoform TvGSTO2S was demonstrated with oxyresveratrol. Structural analysis revealed that the presence of  both configurations of the stilbene in the protein: the transconfiguration in the H site and the cisconfiguration in the L site. Thus, despite partial functional redundancy, this research demonstrated the existence of a specific pattern of interactions for each tested isoform. The expansion of the Omega class could indicate that these enzymes are involved in the adaptation of the fungus in its environment. Indeed, the ligands identified during this work suggest that the “ligandin” properties of TvGSTOs play a role in detoxifying wood degradation products.

Article: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Dark deactivation of chloroplast enzymes finally comes to light. JP Jacquot. P. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

From the pioneering work that the Buchanan group started in the late 1960s, we know that the division of photosynthesis into light and dark reactions is inade- quate because the activity of a number of chloroplast enzymes, many involved in the Calvin–Benson cycle, is strictly controlled by light; that is, they are activated in the light and deactivated in the dark. An exception is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which is regulated in an opposite manner; that is, activation in the dark and deactivation in the light. It took a decade to biochemically dissect the newly identifed redox regula- tory pathway responsible for this regulation. Known as the ferredoxin-thioredoxin system, the pathway is com- posed of three components: ferredoxin, ferredoxin- thioredoxin reductase (FTR), and thioredoxin (Trx) that relay the reducing power generated at photosystem 1 (PS1) to target regulatory enzymes (1, 2).

Article : ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

Fungal glutathione transferases as tools to explore the chemical diversity of Amazonian wood extractives T Perrot, mathieu Schwartz, F Saiag, G Salzet, S Dumarcay, F Favier, … ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

Abstract

The natural durability of wood is linked to its chemical composition and in particular the presence of metabolites called extractives that possess often chemical reactivity. To deal with these compounds, wood degraders have developed detoxification systems usually involving enzyme families. Among these enzymes, glutathione transferases (GSTs) are involved in the decrease of the reactivity of toxic compounds. In this study, the hypothesis that the detoxification systems of wood decaying fungi could be indicators of the chemical reactivity of wood extracts has been tested. This approach has been evaluated using thirty-two wood extracts coming from French Guiana species, testing their antimicrobial ability, their antioxidative properties and their reactivity against six GSTs from the white rot Trametes versicolor. From the obtained data, a significant correlation between the antimicrobial and antioxidative properties of the tested wood extracts and GSTs interaction was established. In addition, the chemical analysis performed on one of the most reactive extract (an acetonic extract of Bagassa guianensis) has demonstrated oxyresveratrol as a major constituent. We were able to co-crystallize one GST with this commercially interesting compound. Taken together, the presented data support the hypothesis that detoxifying enzymes could be used to identify presence of molecules of industrial interest in wood extracts.

Article: European Journal of Plant Pathology

Impact of soil chemistry, nutrient supplements, and fungicides on the health and yield of field-grown processing tomatoes NN Maharaj, EM Miyao, RM Davis, S Uroz, JHJ Leveau. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 1-1

Abstract

We report the results of a 3-year study in which we collected and analyzed soil and yield data from experimental plots in six commercial processing tomato fields in Yolo and Solano counties in California. Our objective was to assess the effect of soil chemistry and soil-delivered nutrients and fungicides on tomato plant health and fruit yield at harvest. Marketable yield, leaf necrosis, and fruit loss due to sunburn differed significantly between individual fields, with averages ranging from 81.2–138.5 Mg ha−1, 32–72% leaf necrosis and 1.9 to 8.8% sunburnt fruit, respectively. Higher-yielding fields showed significantly lower levels of leaf necrosis and sunburn damage and a positive correlation with pre-plant soil parameters such as potassium concentration and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Interestingly, soil amendments of composted poultry manure or other nutrient supplements in low-CEC fields, but not high-CEC fields, resulted in higher fruit yield and less leaf necrosis. While all fields showed symptoms typical of Verticillium wilt and some fields showed symptoms of Fusarium wilt, Fusarium crown and root rot, corky root, and root knot nematode, none of our soil amendments, including chemical and biological fungicides, significantly or consistently reduced incidence or severity of these diseases. We discuss our findings in the context of premature vine decline of tomato, an emerging phenomenon in production fields in the Sacramento Valley, which is characterized by the loss of plant vigor and canopy cover at the onset of fruit ripening and for which causative agent(s) and management options in California remain elusive.